Essential Digital Health for the Underserved (EDH4U) Papers

Essential Digital Health for the Underserved (EDH4U) Research Papers

These papers are intended to stimulate discussion to advance the conversation about the core principles, values and road map for how digital health services can improve healthcare delivery to inform the future of essential digital health for the underserved in Canada. We welcome your feedback and participation as the conversation continues to evolve.

Defining "Essential Digital Health for the Underserved" 

Lead Author: Kendall Ho and Owen Adams

Abstract: The World Health Organization envisions achieving “Health for All,” to strive for equitable access to important health information and services to attain wellness (WHO 2023a). The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped the Canadian health system toward increasing digital health services, which improved access for some but underserved others. Integrating digital health into holistic health services delivery deserves careful consideration. This paper introduces the concept of “essential digital health for the underserved,” by first defining the terms “digital health”, “essential” and “underserved.” Then, we share a summary of a discussion at a May 2023 conference with stakeholders, including patients, caregivers, health professionals, health policy makers, private sectors and health researchers. A series of papers follow to explore how digital health can help chart a responsible course for the future of essential digital health in Canada. In this post-pandemic era – with a health human resources shortage through attrition and retirement, an increased health service demand from patients and a greater strain on our recovering economy – innovative solutions need to be implemented to strengthen our Canadian health system.

Consolidated Principles for Equitable and Inclusive Digital Health and Virtual Care Co-Design

Lead Author: Paula Voorheis

Abstract: Digital health and virtual care (DH/VC) interventions have been rapidly transforming healthcare systems, offering enormous potential to bridge gaps in healthcare access and deliver person-centred interventions to equity-deserving populations. Working in partnership with patients, caregivers and communities to meaning fully integrate lived experience perspectives into DH/VC interventions can help ensure that diverse needs are met. In this commentary, we propose a consolidated set of principles for co-designing equity-informed DH/VC interventions. We also identify how these principles can be leveraged through resources and opportunities offered by Healthcare Excellence Canada and others.

Relational Work Is the Work: Virtual Healthcare Transformation for Rural, Remote and First Nations Communities in British Columbia

Lead Author: John Mah and John Pawlovich

Abstract: The healthcare crisis across unceded First Nations’ territories in rural, remote and Indigenous communities in British Columbia (BC) is marked by persistent barriers to accessing care and support close to home. This commentary describes an exceptional story of how technology, trusted partnerships and relationships came together to create an innovative suite of virtual care programs called “Real-Time Virtual Support” (RTVS). We describe key approaches, learnings and future considerations to improve the equity of healthcare delivery for rural, remote and First Nations communities. The key lessons include the following: (1) moving beyond a biomedical model – the collaboration framework for health service design incorporated First Nations’ perspective on health and wellness; (2) relational work is the work – the RTVS collaboration was grounded in building connections and relationships to prioritize cultivating trust in the partnership over specific outputs; and (3) aligning to the core values of co-creation – working from a commitment to do things differently and applying an inclusive approach of engagement to integrate perspectives across different sectors and interest groups.

Can Answers to the Health Workforce Crisis be Found in Equity-Informed Digital Health? 

Lead Author: Helen Novak Lauscher

Abstract: In this paper, we describe current pressures on health human resources (HHRs) in the Canadian context and related factors that impact equity-deserving communities/ populations. We explore issues of HHR challenges in rural, remote and urban underserved contexts and explore the associated benefits and challenges of incorporating digital health (DH). We present examples and evidence of integrating hybrid models of care as a means of supporting HHRs via DH in the publicly funded health system.

Human Factor Health Data Interoperability

Lead Author: Ewan Affleck

Abstract: Comprehensive health data interoperability is recognized as an essential element of high-functioning and accountable health service. Canada is lagging in health data interoperability compared to international comparators, and lacks a comprehensive approach to human factor interoperability, defined as system-level relationships that impact the capacity of health sector stakeholders to adopt harmonized health data standards and technology. Without addressing these system-level relationships, the adoption of harmonized health data standards and technology will be obstructed and Canadians will be underserved. The proposed health data interoperability framework articulates the factors that Canada needs to address to optimize health data design to support quality health programs and services.

Enabling Connected Care with a Person-Centred Data Foundation

Lead Author: Anne Forsyth

Abstract: Having the right information at the right time and at the fingertips of the right individuals is not just a necessity for a well-functioning healthcare system but it is also the difference between life and death for Canadians. It is particularly critical to enable improved access to and quality of care for equity-deserving individuals because these data eliminate blind spots for clinicians, policy makers and system planners. The COVID-19 pandemic put a spotlight on the health data challenges that exist across Canada and the tangible impact those have on the healthcare system’s ability to meet the needs of underserved populations. It sparked unified urgency at the federal and provincial/territorial levels to build a learning health system powered by connected health data for clinical care, patient access, care organization operations, health system use and population/public health. Person-centric data content standards will lie at the foundation of Canada’s learning health system, enabling the creation and exchange of data.

Trustworthy Evidence to Support Quality Digital Healthcare Policy for Underserved Communities: What Needs to Happen to Translate Evidence into Policy?

Lead Author: Clare L. Arden

Abstract: In this paper, we explore what is needed to generate quality research to guide evidence-informed digital health policy and call the Canadian community of patients, clinicians, policy (decision) makers and researchers to action in setting digital health research priorities for supporting underserved communities. Using specific examples, we describe how evidence is produced and implemented to guide digital health policy. We study how research environments must change to reflect and include the communities for whom the policy is intended. Our goal is to guide how future evidence reaches policy makers to help them shape healthcare services and how these services are delivered to underserved communities in Canada. Understanding the pathways through which evidence can make a difference to equitable and sustainable digital health policy is vital for guiding the types of research that attract priority resources.

Learning Health Systems: A Paradigm Shift in What We Can Do about Digital Health Inequities

Lead Author: Sonya Cressman and Ibukun Abejirinde

Abstract: Learning health systems (LHSs) embed social accountability into everyday workflows and can inform how governments build bridges across the digital health divide. They shape partnerships using rapid cycles of data-driven learning to respond to patients’ calls to action for equity from digital health. Adopting the LHS approach involves re-distributing power, which is likely to be met with resistance. We use the LHS example of British Columbia’s 811 services to highlight how infrastructure was created to provide care and answer questions about access to digital health, outcomes from it and the financial impact passed on to patients. In the concluding section, we offer an accountability framework that facilitates partnerships in making digital health more equitable.

From Today to Tomorrow: Leveraging Digital Health to Move Toward Health for All

Lead Author: Kendall Ho and Owen Adams

Abstract: This series of papers explores the concept of essential digital health for the underserved. Several cross-cutting themes are highlighted in this paper, for example: (1) harmonizing journeys of different patient groups to understand diverse perspectives; (2) engaging health professionals in interoperability, change management and health human resource capacity building; (3) ensuring harmonization of micro, meso and macro levels of health services delivery; and (4) integrating evaluation iteratively to enable continuous improvement and learning. Adopting a learning health system (LHS) approach facilitates iterative growth and evolution, incorporating concepts from the software industry, as well as participatory processes such as failing forward, developing ecosystems for collaboration and engagement of stakeholders. The example of HealthLink BC’s 811 as a digital front door is used to demonstrate how an LHS approach can enable meaningful system change. We welcome further dialogues and discussion on existing and emerging examples of health system implementation approaches that can help our Canadian health systems move continuously and progressively closer toward the ultimate goal of Health for All (WHO 2023).